This 520-Million-Year-Old Animal Invented the First Floaty
Summary
Scientists studying ancient rocks found what may be the oldest known relative of octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish - a tiny shelled swimmer from 520 million years ago. Its secret?
Transcript
0:00The Ancient Hook
Right now, somewhere in the ocean, an octopus is squeezing its entire body through a hole the size of a coin. But here is the wild part. Five hundred and twenty million years ago, the great-great-ever-so-great grandparent of that octopus was doing something even stranger. It was floating. On purpose. Using a floaty it grew inside its own body. I am not making this up. Scientists studying very old rocks believe they have found the oldest known relative of octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish. It was tiny. It was shy. It wore a little cone-shaped shell that looked a bit like a party hat. And tucked inside that shell was an invention so clever that engineers still copy it today when they build submarines. Stick with me, because in the next few minutes you are going to meet a creature older than dinosaurs, older than trees, older than almost anything you can name. You will find out how a squishy little animal beat every submarine builder in history by about half a billion years. And you will learn one trick you can test at home with a glass of water. Ready? Let us dive.
1:05Meet The Family
First, let us meet the family. Because the octopus is not a lone weirdo. It belongs to a group of animals with a big fancy name: cephalopods. Say it with me. SEF-uh-lo-pods. It means head-foot, because their arms attach straight to their heads. Imagine your fingers growing out of your chin. That is basically the design. The cephalopod family includes octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and one strange living cousin called the nautilus, who still wears a beautiful spiral shell like a bicycle helmet. These animals are famous for being the smartest creatures without a backbone. Some octopuses can open jars. Some can solve puzzles. One in an aquarium learned to recognize the faces of different keepers. Here is your first wow fact. An octopus has three hearts. Not one. Three. Two pump blood to the gills, and one pumps blood to the rest of the body. And its blood is not red. It is blue. But this whole clever family started somewhere. And where it started is going to surprise you, because the very first member did not look clever at all.
2:11How Long Is That
Now, before we meet our ancient hero, we need to talk about time. Because five hundred and twenty million years is a number so big your brain wants to slide right off it. Let me try to help. Imagine you counted out loud, one number every second, without stopping. No sleeping. No snack breaks. To count to one million, you would need about eleven and a half days. To count to five hundred and twenty million, you would need over sixteen years. Sixteen years of nonstop counting. You would start in first grade and finish as a grown-up. And that is just counting. Each of those numbers is a whole year. Here is how far back that really is. The dinosaurs? They had not shown up yet. Not even close. Tyrannosaurus rex lived about sixty-six million years ago. Our little shelled swimmer lived roughly eight times further back than that. There were no flowers. No grass. No trees. No animals on land at all, anywhere on Earth. The land was bare rock and mud. So where was all the life hiding? You already guessed it. And it was getting crowded down there.
3:15The Cambrian Boom
Every ocean back then was buzzing with brand new inventions. Scientists call this time the Cambrian Period, and something amazing happened during it. In a fairly short stretch of Earth history, animals suddenly started showing up in wild new shapes. Eyes. Legs. Shells. Swimming. Burrowing. It was like the whole planet opened a giant box of building blocks at once. Scientists nicknamed it the Cambrian explosion. Do not worry, nothing actually exploded. It just means life got creative in a hurry. Most of these animals crawled along the seafloor or sat still, filtering little bits of food out of the water. Down was safe. Down was normal. Up, in the open water, was mostly empty. A big blue neighborhood with almost nobody living in it. And that is exactly the situation our tiny hero walked into. Or rather, floated into. Because while everyone else was busy crawling around in the mud, one small animal figured out how to leave the floor entirely. But how do we even know it existed? Nobody was there with a camera. So let me show you where the clue was hiding, and who found it.
4:24Cliffs Of Newfoundland
Picture a windy coastline in Newfoundland, Canada. Grey cliffs. Cold spray. Seabirds shouting at each other. Not exactly a treasure map location, right? But those cliffs are made of layers of ancient seafloor, squeezed and hardened into stone over hundreds of millions of years. Each layer is like a page in the world's oldest photo album. And researchers go there with hammers, notebooks, and a truly heroic amount of patience. What they found was small. Really small. A cone-shaped shell only a few centimetres long, shorter than your thumb, tucked into the rock like a tiny stone ice cream cone. If you walked past it on a beach, you would probably step right over it. Here is the wow fact. That little shell may be around five hundred and twenty-two million years old, and that could make it the oldest cephalopod ever discovered, older than any other known relative of the octopus by tens of millions of years. But a cone in a rock does not automatically mean octopus grandparent. Scientists needed proof. And the proof was hidden inside the shell, where nobody could see it. So how do you look inside a rock?
5:34Seeing Inside Rock
Here is the amazing part. You do not have to break the rock open anymore. Scientists use machines that take pictures right through solid stone, a bit like the scanners used to check for a broken bone. The machine spins around the rock, taking hundreds of slices, and a computer stacks all those slices into a three-dimensional model you can spin around on a screen. It is basically a fossil video game. And when they looked inside this little cone, they saw something that made them sit up straight. The shell was not empty. It was divided into rooms. Little rooms, stacked one behind the other like the segments of an ice cream cone, each one sealed off with a thin wall. And running through every single wall was a narrow tube, threading all the rooms together like a string through beads. That combination, rooms plus a threaded tube, is the family signature. It is the cephalopod fingerprint. Nothing else builds a shell quite like that. So what were those little sealed rooms for? Storage? Bedrooms? Nope. They were doing something far cleverer, and it changed the ocean forever.
6:40The Built In Floaty
Those little rooms were full of gas. And gas, my friend, is lighter than water. Think about a balloon. A balloon filled with air is light and bouncy. Now think about trying to push that balloon down under the water in a bathtub. It fights you. It wants to pop back up. That upward push is called buoyancy, and it is one of the coolest forces on the planet. Our tiny ancient animal grew its shell one room at a time, like adding rooms to a house. As it got bigger, it built a new wall behind itself, moved forward into the fresh space, and left the old room sealed up behind. Then it slowly emptied that room of liquid and let gas fill it instead. More gas-filled rooms meant more lift. Suddenly this little creature was not heavy anymore. It hung in the water, weightless, without flapping or kicking or working at all. It had grown the world's first built-in floaty. And once you can float without effort, a completely new world opens up above you. Wait until you hear what that made possible.
7:42The Tiny Pump
Let us zoom in on that threaded tube, because it might be the smartest part of the whole design. Scientists call it the siphuncle. Sounds like a made-up word, I know. Siphuncle. It is fun to say. The siphuncle is a thin strand of living tissue that runs from the animal's body, back through every sealed room, all the way to the tip of the shell. And it works like a tiny pump. When the animal wants to rise, the siphuncle slowly draws liquid out of the rooms, and gas seeps in to take its place. Lighter. Up you go. When it wants to sink a little, liquid moves back in. Heavier. Down you drift. Here is the wow fact. That is exactly how a submarine works. Submarines have tanks that fill with water to sink and fill with air to rise. An animal the size of your thumb invented that system about five hundred and twenty million years before humans did, and it did it without a single screwdriver. But being able to float is only half the story. What did this creature actually do with its brand new superpower?
8:46The Empty Highway
Imagine you live in a town where everybody walks. Every single person. Then one day you invent a bicycle. That is roughly what happened here. While almost everything else in the Cambrian ocean was crawling across the seafloor, our little shelled swimmer lifted off. It could hover above the mud. It could drift over ridges and valleys. It could travel from one patch of ocean to another without touching the ground at all. And that mattered enormously, because the open water was almost completely empty. All that space. All that food floating around. Nobody using it. Moving into an empty neighborhood is one of the greatest tricks in the history of life. Scientists have a name for it. They call it filling a niche, which is just a fancy way of saying finding a job nobody else is doing. Here is the wow fact. Once cephalopods learned to float, they never stopped exploring. Today their descendants live from warm shallow reefs all the way down to freezing deep ocean trenches, kilometres below the waves. And yet, hold on. Scientists are still arguing about this fossil. Let me tell you why that is actually good news.
9:56Science Is Arguing
Here is something a lot of people get wrong about science. They think scientists find something, everyone claps, and that is the end. Nope. Real science is more like a group project where everybody double-checks everybody else. When this fossil was announced, other researchers looked at it and said, hang on. Is that really a cephalopod? Could it be a different kind of shelled animal that just looks similar? Are those walls real chambers, or cracks that formed later in the rock? Those are not rude questions. They are the whole job. Scientists are supposed to poke at each other's ideas, because an idea that survives a lot of poking is probably a good one. So right now, this fossil sits in the most exciting place in all of science: the maybe pile. Some researchers are convinced. Others want more specimens. Everyone wants to go back to those cliffs and look again. Here is the wow fact. Being unsure is not a failure in science. It is the engine. Every unanswered question is a job opening, and one of them might be waiting for you. Now let me introduce you to a living creature that basically proves the whole idea works.
11:06The Living Cousin
Meet the nautilus. And prepare to have your mind gently blown. The nautilus is alive today, swimming in the deep waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans right now. It has a gorgeous spiral shell with cream and reddish-brown stripes, like someone painted a tiger and then curled it up. And inside that shell? Rooms. Sealed chambers. A siphuncle running through them all. It is the same floaty system. Still working. Still perfect. After hundreds of millions of years of Earth changing over and over, the nautilus kept the original design because honestly, why fix something that works? People sometimes call the nautilus a living fossil, though scientists will gently remind you that it has still changed over time. It is not a frozen dinosaur. It is more like a family recipe that has been passed down for ages with only tiny tweaks. Here is the wow fact. If you cut a nautilus shell in half, the spiral inside is so beautifully even that artists, architects, and mathematicians have been drawing it for centuries. It might be the most famous shape in the sea. And the nautilus has stranger features still. Wait until you count its tentacles.
12:18Ninety Tentacles
An octopus has eight arms. A squid has eight arms and two longer tentacles. So how many does a nautilus have? Around ninety. Ninety! And here is the twist: they have no suckers at all. Instead they are sticky and grooved, and the nautilus uses them to gently grip its food and feel its way around in the dark. Speaking of dark, the nautilus eye is one of the strangest in the animal kingdom. Your eye has a lens, like a camera. The nautilus eye does not. It is basically an open pinhole, filled with seawater. It sees a dim, blurry picture, a bit like looking through a keyhole in a dark room. So the nautilus relies mostly on smell, sniffing the water to find its way. Here is the wow fact. Every day, many nautiluses ride an elevator. They spend daytime hundreds of metres down where the water is cold and dark, then drift upward at night toward shallower water, then sink back down at dawn. Up and down, every single day, powered by that ancient floaty. But the nautilus is not the only one who kept the shell. Wait until you meet the spiral superstars.
13:26The Spiral Superstars
Now let us talk about the most famous fossils in the entire cephalopod family. Ammonites. If you have ever seen a stone spiral in a museum, a shop window, or on a beach, you have probably met one. Ammonites were cephalopods with coiled shells, and they filled the oceans for a mind-boggling stretch of time. They lived alongside the dinosaurs, and long before them too. And they used the exact same trick. Chambers. Gas. Siphuncle. Float. Ammonites came in an incredible variety. Some were smaller than a coin. Some were as wide as a car tyre. Some had shells that coiled tight like a cinnamon roll, and others uncoiled into loops and squiggles and shapes that look like a doodle you would draw when you are bored. Here is the wow fact. Ammonite fossils are so common and so distinctive that geologists use them like date stamps. Find a certain ammonite in a rock layer, and you can work out roughly how old that layer is. Fossils that do this job are called index fossils. They are the ocean's ancient calendar. So where did all the ammonites go? And why did some cousins ditch the shell entirely?
14:36A Changing World
The ammonites had an incredibly long run, far longer than humans have existed. But over Earth's history, the world changed again and again. Oceans warmed and cooled. Sea levels rose and fell. Continents slid around like puzzle pieces on a very slow conveyor belt. And around sixty-six million years ago, at the same time the big dinosaurs disappeared, the ammonites faded out too. Their long story came to a close, and they left behind only their beautiful stone spirals for us to find. But here is the important bit, and it is a happy one. The family did not end. Other branches of the cephalopod tree kept right on going, and those branches are still growing today. Some cousins had already started doing something completely unexpected with the family floaty. Instead of living inside their shell, they began shrinking it, and tucking it inside their body, like putting your backpack on under your jumper. Why on Earth would an animal hide its own shell? Because a shell is heavy, and a shell is stiff, and if you want to go fast or squeeze into tight spots, stiff is a problem. Let me show you what they built instead.
15:46The Cuttlebone Secret
Meet the cuttlefish, the family's champion of style. A cuttlefish looks like a flattened, ruffled little spaceship with a fringe of skin rippling along each side. Those ripples move like a wave, and they let a cuttlefish hover, slide sideways, and reverse with the smoothness of a hummingbird. And inside that soft body is the family heirloom, upgraded. It is called the cuttlebone. It is not really a bone at all. It is a shell, moved inside, flattened out, and filled with hundreds of thin layers with tiny gas spaces between them. Same idea as five hundred and twenty million years ago. Adjust the gas, adjust the float. Here is the wow fact you can actually check. If you know anyone with a pet budgie or parakeet, look in the cage. That white oval thing clipped to the bars is a real cuttlebone. Birds nibble it for the minerals. So a piece of the world's oldest floating technology might be sitting in a birdcage down the street from you. And if you think that is impressive, the cuttlefish's skin is about to make your jaw drop.
16:51Skin That Changes
Cuttlefish, squid, and octopuses share a superpower that honestly sounds made up. They can change the colour and pattern of their skin in less than a second. Their skin is packed with millions of tiny colour sacs called chromatophores. Each one is like a microscopic balloon full of pigment, with little muscles attached around the edges. Squeeze the muscles, the sac stretches wide, and the colour blooms across the skin. Relax, and the colour shrinks back to a dot. Underneath those, there are layers that bounce light around, adding shimmer, silver, and glow. So a cuttlefish resting on speckled sand can turn speckled. Move it over a chequered pattern and it will do its best to go chequered. It can even send waves of stripes rolling down its body like a moving advertisement board. Here is the wow fact, and it is a real head-scratcher. Scientists think many cuttlefish and octopuses are colourblind, meaning they probably cannot see colour the way you do. Yet they still match colours brilliantly. Researchers are still working out exactly how. But hold on, because the family's most famous member ditched the shell completely. Every single bit of it.
18:03Squid And Octopus
The squid went for speed. Inside a squid's body there is a thin, clear, flexible strip called the pen, because it looks a little like an old-fashioned quill pen. That is all that is left of the ancient shell. No chambers. No gas. Just a light, bendy backbone-ish support that keeps the squid streamlined. Squid are rockets. Some species are among the fastest swimmers in the ocean for their size, and a few can even burst out of the water and glide above the surface for several body lengths before splashing back down. Flying squid. That is a real thing. Then there is the octopus, who took the boldest path of all. The octopus got rid of the shell entirely. No cone. No coil. No cuttlebone. No pen. Nothing. And that is why an octopus can do the coin trick. The only hard part of an octopus's body is its beak. Everything else is soft, so if the beak fits through a gap, the octopus can usually follow. Here is the wow fact. Some octopuses can squeeze through openings barely wider than a large coin. But wait until you hear what is going on inside that squishy head.
19:11Brains In Arms
Time for the octopus brain, and I need you to hold on to something. An octopus has a central brain in its head. Fine. Normal. But it also has huge clusters of nerve cells running down every single arm. In fact, roughly two thirds of an octopus's nerve cells are in its arms rather than its head. That means each arm can figure things out somewhat on its own. One arm can be exploring under a rock while another arm is doing something completely different somewhere else. It is a bit like having eight helpers who all work for you but also enjoy a little independence. And the arms can taste. Those suckers are covered in sensors that detect chemicals, so when an octopus touches something, it is tasting it at the same time. Imagine licking everything you pick up. That is octopus life. Here is the wow fact. A common octopus has around two thousand suckers, and each one can grip, twist, and move separately. So all this cleverness, all these arms, all this colour-changing wizardry, grew out of a family that started with a tiny cone and a bubble of gas. But there is one more inherited move to show you.
20:23Living Jet Engines
Watch a squid, a cuttlefish, an octopus, or a nautilus move quickly, and you will see the same trick. They pull water into their body, then squeeze it out through a flexible tube called the siphon. Whoosh. They shoot the opposite way. It is jet propulsion, and every branch of the cephalopod family kept it. Our little Cambrian ancestor very likely used a version of it too, puffing gently along above the seafloor. The siphon can swivel, so the animal can aim its jet forward, backward, or sideways, like a steerable rocket nozzle. A startled squid can go from resting to zooming almost instantly. You can feel this force yourself, safely. Blow up a balloon, do not tie it, and let it go. It flies around the room because air rushing out one way pushes the balloon the other way. That is the same principle that moves squid, and rockets, and jet engines. Here is the wow fact. Nautiluses, cuttlefish, squid, and octopuses have all been jetting around the ocean using this system for longer than fish have had jaws. And humans? We only figured out this stuff very, very recently. Let me show you how much we copied.
21:34Humans Copied It
Here is something that makes engineers laugh and sigh at the same time. Almost every clever underwater invention humans are proud of, the ocean already had. Submarines? They have ballast tanks. Let water in and the submarine sinks. Push the water out with compressed air and it rises. That is the chambered shell, built out of steel. Scuba divers? They wear a vest called a buoyancy control device. Add a puff of air to float up a bit, let a puff out to sink a bit. Divers call it getting neutral, which means hanging in the water without rising or sinking. Exactly what our ancient friend was doing before there was a single plant on land. Even fish beat us to it. Most bony fish have a swim bladder, a gas-filled bag inside the body that they adjust to stay level. Different animal, different body part, same brilliant solution. Here is the wow fact. When totally different creatures invent the same solution separately, scientists call it convergent evolution. It is nature's way of saying, yes, that really is the best way to do it. And there is a beautiful lesson hiding in all of this. Let me tell you what it is.
22:44Good Ideas Last
The lesson is this. Good ideas last. Five hundred and twenty million years ago, something small and soft in a cold ancient sea grew a shell with rooms in it. It probably never knew it was doing anything special. It was just living. But that one idea was so good that it never went away. It carried on through the nautilus, spiralling quietly in the deep. It carried on through the ammonites, filling ancient oceans with beautiful coils. It carried on into the cuttlefish, tucked away as a cuttlebone. And even in the squid and the octopus, who let the shell shrink or vanish, the family cleverness kept right on growing into something new. One small invention. Half a billion years of ripples. Here is the wow fact. There are somewhere around eight hundred known species of cephalopods alive today, and researchers are still describing new ones. Some of them live so deep that we have only ever seen them on camera a handful of times. Which raises a very exciting question. If we are still finding new cousins alive today, how much of the family's history is still buried in rock, waiting for someone to notice it?
23:53Fossil Hunting Truth
Let me tell you what fossil hunting is actually like, because it is nothing like the movies. There is no music. There is a lot of walking. There is often rain, or wind, or mud, or all three having a party at once. Researchers split rocks, look closely, find nothing, and do it again. And again. And again. And then one day someone flips over a slab, and there in the stone is a shape nobody has ever seen before. That moment, right there, is one of the greatest feelings a human can have. You are the very first person in the entire history of the world to look at that creature. Here is the wow fact. Some of the most important fossils ever found were discovered by ordinary people who were simply paying attention. Amateur fossil hunters, students, and curious kids have all made discoveries that ended up in museums and science journals. The skill is not really about being strong or fast. It is about noticing. It is about looking at something everyone else walked past and thinking, hang on, what is that? So how do you actually get good at noticing? Let me give you a couple of ideas.
25:01Train Your Noticing
Noticing is a muscle, and you can train it. Start with the ordinary stuff around you. Look closely at a leaf and count the little veins branching off the middle. Look at the pattern on a snail shell, and notice how it spirals, just like a nautilus and an ammonite. Look at how a puddle ripples when a drop lands, and how the rings spread out perfectly evenly. Ask small questions. Why is that rock striped? Why does that seed spin as it falls? Why do the bubbles in fizzy water all climb up the side of the glass? None of those questions sound impressive. But that is exactly how scientists start. Every enormous discovery began as a small question that somebody refused to drop. Here is the wow fact. Scientists still do not fully understand how octopuses coordinate all those arms, how deep-sea cephalopods find each other in the darkness, or exactly how the very first chambered shells appeared. There are genuine mysteries here, sitting around unsolved, waiting. And here is my favourite part. Some of those questions will be answered by people who are not scientists yet. People who are, right now, exactly your age. Alright. Time to pull it all together.
26:14The Big Recap
Let us gather up the treasure we collected today. One. Octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and the nautilus all belong to one family called cephalopods, which means head-foot, because their arms grow straight out of their heads. Two. In cliffs in Newfoundland, Canada, researchers found a tiny cone-shaped shell that may be around five hundred and twenty-two million years old, possibly the oldest known member of that whole family. Three. Scientists scanned right through the rock without breaking it and found sealed chambers inside, plus a threaded tube called a siphuncle. That is the family fingerprint. Four. Those chambers held gas, and gas is lighter than water. That gave the animal a built-in floaty, so it could hover in the open ocean while nearly everything else was stuck crawling in the mud. Five. That exact system, tanks that swap water for gas, is how submarines and divers control their depth today. Nature got there roughly half a billion years first. And six. Scientists are still debating this fossil, and that is a good sign, because arguing carefully is how science checks its own homework. Now, one last surprise for you.
27:27Try This At Home
Here is your challenge, and you can do it in your kitchen with a grown-up helping. Grab an orange with its peel on and a big clear bowl or a sink full of water. Put the whole orange in. It floats. Happily bobbing on top. Now take the orange out, peel it carefully, and put the naked orange back in the water. It sinks. Almost every time. Why? Because orange peel is full of tiny air pockets. It is basically a life jacket that the orange grows itself. Take the air away and down it goes. That is the same rule our five-hundred-and-twenty-million-year-old friend used, just with a fruit instead of a shell. Want a bonus round? Drop a raisin into a clear glass of fizzy water and watch. Little bubbles cling to the raisin's wrinkles, lift it to the top, pop, and let it sink again. Up, down, up, down. A raisin doing the nautilus elevator, right in front of you. Always ask a grown-up first, and clean up after. Scientists tidy their labs, and so should we. That is the trick. Now for the last thing I want to leave you with.
28:32Your Mission Explorer
Next time you see a spiral shell, on a beach, in a shop, in a picture, or in a museum, I want you to stop for a second. Because you now know what that spiral really is. It is not just a pretty shape. It is a floating machine. A piece of engineering that has been quietly working for longer than there have been trees, or flowers, or footprints on land. And it links a tiny shy swimmer in an ancient Cambrian sea to the octopus opening a jar in an aquarium today. Same family. Same long, unbroken story. Still going. So here is your mission, if you choose to take it. Tonight, at dinner, tell someone in your family this one fact: the octopus family invented the submarine about five hundred and twenty million years before humans did. Then watch their face. It is a very good face. Thanks for exploring with me. Keep looking closely at ordinary things, keep asking the small questions that nobody else bothers to ask, and remember, the world is absolutely stuffed with amazing stories that are still waiting for somebody to notice them. Maybe the next one is yours. See you next time, explorer.
29:40Bonus Weird Facts
Oh wait, one more thing before you go. I saved a few extra facts, because this family is genuinely ridiculous and I could not fit everything in. Fact one. There is a deep-sea octopus nicknamed Dumbo because it has two ear-like fins on top of its head that flap gently as it drifts along the seafloor, thousands of metres down. It is possibly the most charming animal in the ocean and it lives deeper than almost any other octopus. Fact two. Octopus arms can regrow. If an arm is damaged, a new one can grow back over time, complete with suckers. Fact three. The giant squid has the largest eyes of any known animal, roughly the size of a dinner plate. Enormous eyes for gathering the tiniest scraps of light in the deep dark ocean. Fact four. Some cuttlefish eggs are laid with a special coating, and scientists have found that cuttlefish embryos can already start learning about the world before they even hatch. All of that, growing out of a little shelled ancestor with a bubble-filled cone. And the very best part? Wait until you hear how much we still do not know.
30:48Still Unexplored
Here is the honest truth about the deep ocean. We have mapped the surface of the Moon and Mars in more detail than we have mapped our own seafloor. Most of the deep ocean has never been seen by human eyes. Not once. Not ever. There are underwater mountains taller than anything on land, valleys deeper than the tallest peaks are high, and whole neighbourhoods of animals we have never met. And every time a research vessel sends a camera down there, it seems to come back with something new. A jelly nobody has described. A squid doing something nobody has recorded. A shape nobody expected. Meanwhile, up on land, the rocks are still full of secrets too. Somewhere out there is a cliff face holding the next great fossil, and the wind is very slowly wearing it away, getting it ready for someone to find. Here is the final wow fact. The story you learned today, about a five-hundred-and-twenty-million-year-old floaty, was published only in recent years. It is new. Which means the science you are learning is not finished. It is being written right now. And honestly? That is the most exciting thing about it. Stay curious out there.
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Series: science (English)